Anglo-Saxon England
Anglo-Saxon England refers to the period in English history from the 5th century to the Norman Conquest in 1066. This era began with the withdrawal of Roman forces from Britain and the subsequent invasion by various Germanic tribes, collectively known as the Anglo-Saxons, which included the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. Here are some key aspects:
Historical Context
- The end of Roman rule in Britain around 410 AD led to a power vacuum which the Anglo-Saxons filled by settling in various parts of Britain, primarily in what is now known as England.
- The Anglo-Saxon period is characterized by the formation of several small kingdoms, including Northumbria, Mercia, Wessex, East Anglia, Sussex, Kent, and Essex.
Political Structure
- Initially, these kingdoms were often in conflict, but by the 9th century, Wessex emerged as the dominant power, leading to the eventual unification of England under King Alfred the Great.
- The Anglo-Saxon system of governance was tribal, with kings, ealdormen (nobles), and thegns (local lords) playing significant roles. The Witan, an assembly of the kingdom's leading men, advised the king but did not have legislative power.
Culture and Society
- Old English was the predominant language, with Latin used for ecclesiastical and scholarly purposes.
- Social structure was rigidly hierarchical with a focus on kinship, loyalty, and the warrior ethos. Slavery was also a common institution during this period.
- The introduction of Christianity in the late 6th century by missionaries like Saint Augustine of Canterbury led to the establishment of the Archbishop of Canterbury, influencing both the religious and political landscape.
Literature and Learning
- Literature from this period includes religious texts, histories, and epic poetry like Beowulf, which provides insights into the values and lifestyle of the Anglo-Saxons.
- Learning and the preservation of knowledge were primarily the domain of the Church, with monastic schools playing a crucial role in education.
Viking Influence
- The period was marked by extensive Viking incursions, leading to the establishment of Danelaw in the East and North of England where Norse law and customs prevailed.
- The Battle of Edington in 878, where Alfred the Great defeated the Viking leader Guthrum, was pivotal in halting Viking expansion.
Economic and Agricultural Life
- Anglo-Saxon England was largely agrarian with a mixed economy. Trade was local and regional, with some international trade through ports like London and York.
- Manors were the primary units of agricultural production, with peasants working the land in return for protection and the right to live on the land.
Legal System
- The legal system was based on customary law, with Doombook (laws of Alfred) being a notable compilation of legal codes.
- Compensation for crimes (wergild) was a common practice, aiming to avoid blood feuds by settling disputes financially.
End of the Anglo-Saxon Period
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